Japan Media Review -- A Decade in the Development of Mobile Communications in Japan

Japan Media Review -- A Decade in the Development of Mobile Communications in Japan: "The birth of NTT Docomo and new common carriers
Mobile communication also has a different history than fixed-line communication in relation to new common carriers. In fixed-line communication, new companies entered the market by setting up long-distance relays. Historically, charges were set high for long-distance calls, and charges for local calls were kept low by internal subsidization. This suggests that customers were being charged much more than the actual cost for long-distance calls."